Hamers
and Blanc (2000: 260), stated in The
Study of Code Switching, define code mixing as a type of insertional code
switching, where a constituent from language A is embedded into an utterance in
language B, and where language B is clearly the dominant language.
Code
switching is, according to Gumperz, which stated in The
Sociolinguistic Dimension of Code Switching by Thuy Nguyen, regarded as a contextualization
cue which speakers strategically use to mark
their speech.
Zentella (1985), stated in Code Switching by Richard Nordquist, said that Code-switching performs several
functions:
First, people may use code-switching to hide fluency
or memory problems in the second language (but this accounts for about only 10
percent of code switches).
Second, code-switching is used to mark switching
from informal situations (using native languages) to formal situations (using
second language).
Third, code-switching is used to exert control,
especially between parents and children.
Fourth, code-switching is used to align speakers
with others in specific situations (e.g., defining oneself as a member of an
ethnic group).
Gumperz
(1972), in A Companion to Linguistic
Anthropology, said that there are two types of Code Switching; they are
Situational and Metaphorical Code Switching.
In situational switching, a change of language signals a change in the definition of the speech event, involving clear changes in the participants’ definition of each other’s rights and obligation. Gumperz (1982:60-1), stated in A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, said that situational code switching is more likely to be intersentential (between sentences) than intrasentential (within sentences).
Metaphorical code switching is a change in language that
doesn’t signal a change in the definition of the fundamental speech event. Interactants
do not alter the basic definition of the rights and obligation, but only allude
the different relationship that they also hold.
According to
Gumperz (1982), stated in Issues in Code-Switching: Competing Theories and Models by Erman Boztepe, there are six
functions of Code Switching:
·
Quotation
Quotations
are occurrences of switching where someone else’s utterance is reported either
as direct quotations or as reported speech.
·
Addressee specification
In here, the
switch serves to direct the message to one particular person among several
addressees present in the immediate environment.
·
Interjection
Simply serve to mark sentence fillers as in
the insertion of the English filler you know in an otherwise completely
Spanish utterance.
·
Reiteration
It occurs
when one repeats a message in the other code to clarify what is said or even to
increase the elocutionary effect of the utterance.
·
Message qualification
Gumperz
(1982) defines message qualification as an elaboration of the preceding
utterance in the other code in Mann & Thompson’s (1986) sense.
·
Personalization versus Objectification
Personalization versus objectification
signals the degree of speaker involvement in a message as in the case of, for
example, giving one’s statement more authority in a dispute through Code Switching.
Sources:
A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, http://books.google.co.id/books?id=qMXdopSc7BIC&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=situational+and+metaphorical+according+to+gumperz&source=bl&ots=ndOvOKydyM&sig=d8RjDgMmHKgjo3zcZvLc3roXYpc&hl=id&sa=X&ei=oHmqT8qsM-6ciAeOmvHDAw&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=situational%20and%20metaphorical%20according%20to%20gumperz&f=false
accessed May 9, 2012, at 7.34 pm
Code-switching, http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/62646/frontmatter/9780521862646_frontmatter.pdf accessed on May
9, 2012, at 8.58 pm
Code switching, http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/codeswitchingterm.htm accessed on May
9, 2012, at 7.48 pm
Issues in Code-Switching:
Competing Theories and Models, http://journals.tc-library.org/index.php/tesol/article/download/32/37
accessed on May 9, 2012, at 09.23 pm
The
Sociolinguistic Dimension of Code Switching, http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/124915/the-sociolinguistic-dimension-of-code-switching accessed on May
9, 2012, at 7.15 pm
THE STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING, http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/002401/bookpart.pdf accessed on May 9, 2012, at 7.56 pm
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