Discourse analysis is the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity.
Deborah Tannen says that Discourse analysis is sometimes defined as the analysis of language 'beyond the sentence'. This contrasts with types of analysis more typical of modern linguistics, which are chiefly concerned with the study of grammar: the study of smaller bits of language, such as sounds (phonetics and phonology), parts of words (morphology), meaning (semantics), and the order of words in sentences (syntax). Discourse analysts study larger chunks of language as they flow together.
Discourse analysis has been used to understand a wide range of texts including natural speech, professional documentation, political rhetoric, and interview. Some discourse analysts consider the larger discourse context in order to understand how it affects the meaning of the sentence.
Types of Discourse Analysis:
Conversation Analysis
CA is an approach to the study of social interaction, embracing both verbal and non-verbal conduct, in situations of everyday life.CA focuses on a fine grained analysis of the ways in which language is used.
Ian Hutchby and Robin Wooffitt, in their book Conversation Analysis. Polity, 2008, cited in http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conversationanalysisterm.htm say that:
"CA is the study of recorded, naturally occurring talk-in-interaction. But what is the aim of studying these interactions? Principally, it is to discover how participants understand and respond to one another in their turns at talk, with a central focus on how sequences of action are generated."
Discursive Psychology
DP is a form of discourse analysis that focuses on psychological themes. It starts with psychological phenomena as things that are constructed, attended to, and understood in interaction. DP applies the notion of discourse to psychological topics such as memory and attitudes.
Critical Discourse Analysis
CDA is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice and focuses on the ways social and political domination are reproduced in text and talk.
Foucauldian Discourse Analysis
FDA focusing on power relationships in society as expressed through language.
Frame Analysis
Is a type of discourse analysis that asks, What activity are speakers engaged in when they say this? What do they think they are doing by talking in this way at this time?
Approaches to Discourse Analysis:
Speech Act Theory
Speech act theory attempts to explain how speakers use language to accomplish intended actions and how hearers infer intended meaning form what is said.
Interactional Sociolinguistic
IS is a sub discipline of linguistic that uses discourse analysis to study how language users create meaning via interaction.
Ethnography of Communication
EOC is a method of discourse analysis in linguistics, which draws on the anthropological field of ethnography. It takes both language and culture to be constitutive as well as constructive.
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance.
Ethnomethodology
Ethnomethodology is a perspective within sociology which focuses on the way people make sense of their everyday world.
Variation Analysis
VA is the variation of the language that the speakers use.
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References:
Coulthard, Malcolm. 1985. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis New Edition. UK: Longman Group Limited.
Discourse Analysis, http://www.cprjournal.com/documents/discourseAnalysis.pdf accessed April 12, 2012 on 01.48 pm
Hutchby, I., and Wooffitt, R. (2008). Conversation Analysis. http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conversationanalysisterm.htm accessed April 15, 2012 07.41 am
Tannen, Deborah. Discourse Analysis, http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-discourse.cfm accessed April 12, 2012 on 01.56 pm
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